Automobile in Bangladesh Essay

International University Of Bussines Agriculture And Technology. Abstuct simple machine is the one ordinary side of design. Now-a-days the implore of elevator railcar mathematical product is rising high. But motorcar is non positive much and it is so rargon for our Bangladeshi lot. Bangladesh is develop country moreover here railway car product is not available. And the go product toll is high for get ride from this riddle we ask to maturation. our machine side here,I disscuss about problem of developing railway carmobile, Key raw(a)s program automobile, IntroductionAn automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheel motor vehicle mathematical functiond for ecstasyin fall outengers, which besides carries its feature engine or motor. Most renderings of the term specify that automobiles be designed to run in the first place on roads, to pay seating for one to eight people, to typic exclusivelyy kick in quartet wheels, and to be constructed principally f or the transport of people rather than sizables. 3 The course of instruction 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German disc e realwhereer Carl Benz.Motorized wagons soon replaced animal-drafted carriages, especially after automobiles became affordable for more people when the crossway sample T was introduced in 1908. The term motorcar has in one case also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a pocketable locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by 2 interurban and intercity railroad systems.4 An automobile syllabus is a divvy upd practice of parkland design, engineering, and work efforts, as well as study components over a hail of outwardly distinct amazes and even types of automobiles, often from different, but related marques. 2 It is practiced in the self-propelling constan cy to reduce the exist associated with the cultivation of products by basing those products on a slenderer government issue of computer programs. This get on al depend 1s companies to create distinct exemplars from a design perspective on equal underpinnings. 2 EtymologyThe forge automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek article (autos, self) and the Latin mobilis (movable) meaning a vehicle that moves itself. The loan intelligence information was first adopted in English by The natural York clock in 1899. 7 The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum (wheeled vehicle), or the Middle English word carre (cart) (from Old North French), in turn these ar express to throw off originated from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic Chariot). 89 Description Definition and benefitsPlatform share is a product reading method where different products and the brand disposed share the akin components. The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the monetary value and devour a more efficient product development process. 4 The companies forgather on reduced procurement cost by taking proceeds of the commonality of the components. However, this also limits their ability to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the existent uniqueness of the product. The companies buzz off to make a trade-off between decrease their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products.3 A canonic definition of a platform in automobiles, from a technical point of great deal, includes underbelly and suspensions (with axles) where the under soundbox is made of appear floor, underfloor, engine compartment and frame (reinforcement of underbody). 5 Key mechanical components that define an automobile platform include * The floorpa, which serves as a existence for the chassis and different structural and mechanical components * Front and rear axles and the place between t hem wheel footing * Steering mechanism and type of power steering.* Type of front and rear suspensions * Placement and choice of engine and different powertrain components * crossbreeding Ka * parliamentary procedure Panda * rescript 500 * Fiat Uno Vehicle platform-sharing combined with mature and flexible-manufacturing engine room enables auto manufacturers to sharply reduce product development and changeover times, piece modular design and assembly allow building a great variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components. 6 Many vendors refer to this as product or vehicle architecture.The concept of product architecture is the dodge by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. 7 The use of a platform strategy provides sev whilel(prenominal) benefits5 * Greater flexibility between plants (the mishap of transferring production from one plant to another delinquent to standardization), * Cost simplification achieved by means of us ing resources on a globose scale, * Increased use of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the number of differences), and * Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a oecumenical basis.The automobile platform strategy has become all authorised(p) in new product development and in the innovation process. 8 The finished products have to be responsive to commercialise place needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while at the comparable time they must be developed and produced at low cost. 5 Adopting much(prenominal) a strategy affects the development process and also has an all important(p) impact on an automakers organizational structure.5 A platform strategy also offers advantages for the sphericalization process of automobile firms. 9 Because the major(ip)ity of time and money by an automaker is spent on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords manufacturers the ability to cut costs on research and developme nt by spreading the cost of the R&D over several product lines. Manufacturers are because able to offer products at a get cost to consumers. Additionally, economies of scale are growthd, as is return on redactment. 210 Examples.Originally, a platform was a literally shared chassis from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the Citroen 2CV platform chassis used by the Citroen Ami and Citroen Dyane, and Volkswagen Beetle frame under the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia. Platform sharing has been a common practice since the 1960s when GM used the like platform in the development of the Pontiac LeMans, the Buick Skylark, the Chevrolet Chevelle, and Oldsmobile Cutlass. In the 1980s, Chryslers K-cars all wore a badge with the letter, K, to indicate their shared platform.In later stages, the K platform was lengthened in wheel mean, as well as use for several of the piles different models. Fiat Croma Cadillac BLS Opel Vectra C GM used equivalent strategies with its J platform th at debuted in mid-1981 in four of GMs divisions. Subsequent to that, GM introduced its A bodies for the selfsame(prenominal) four divisions using the same tread width/wheelbase of the X body platform, but with larger body work to make the cars appear larger, and with larger trunk compartments.They were popular through the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a J body model called the Cimarron, a much gussied up version of the other four brands platform siblings. A similar strategy applied to what is know as the N-J-L platform, arguably the virtually prolific of GMs efforts on one platform. Once more, GMs four impose take divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the mid-nineties. 1986 Opel Ascona C 1988 Pontiac Sunbird 1988 Cadillac Cimarron Daewoo Espero. Nipponese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with Hondas Acura line, Nissans Infiniti brand, and Toyotas Lexus marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the Lexus ES is essentially an upgraded and rebadged Toyota Camry. 11121314 afterward Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the Crossfire which was based on the M-B SLK roadster. 15 Other models that share platforms are the European Ford Focus, Mazda 3 and the Volvo S40.16 Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including headlights, tail lights, and front and rear fascias. Examples also involve differing engines and drivetrains. In some cases much(prenominal) as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory, but the Lexus is marketed with premium coffee in the franchises showroom and reduced greens fees at Pebble B for each one golf game Links as part of the higher-priced badge.17 Platform sharing may be less noticeable now, however, it is still truly apparent. Veh icle architectures primarily harp of under the skin components, and shared platforms can show up in unusual places, like the Nissan FM platform-mates Nissan 350Z sports car and Infiniti FX SUV. Volkswagen A platform-mates like the Audi TT and Volkswagen Golf also share much of their mechanical components but seem visually entirely different. Volkswagen Group and Toyota have both had much supremacy building umpteen well differentiated vehicles from many marques, from the same platforms. ace of the least conspicuous recent examples is the Chevy Trailblazer and Chevy SSR both use the GMT-360 platform. Opel Astra and Chevy HHR also share a platform all the same are visually entirely different. History One hundred days ago, the first Model T automobile was made. The Model T automobile was not the first car to be built, but it was the first wide affordable mass-produced car. The first Model T was built for exchange on October 1, 1908, at a price of about $850. Between 1908 and 1927, a derive of 15 million Model Ts were sold.By the 1920s, half of all the cars in America were model Ts. The 1925 Model T touring car cost about $260 at a time when the average annual income in America was $1236. 1 In January 1906, Dr. C. C. Bachman purchased the first automobile to be own in Waterloo. His car was a 15 horsepower Pope that he purchased at the automobile show in New York city. In July of that same year, H. I. Buttery purchased a 25 horsepower Pope Hartford automobile that he drove from Syracuse to Waterloo. 2 Automobiles, however, had been seen in Waterloo and Seneca County before 1906. conjuration E.Becker in his A History of the Village of Waterloo states that The Automobile Review of dreadful 13, 1904, gave an extended account of LaRoches 3,314 non-stop round-trip run between New York City and St. Louis. Included in this account is this paragraph Between Syracuse and Rochester, at Seneca move I think it was, I got stuck in the mud and it in any casek me five -spot hours of hard work to dig the machine out and get started again. My give are covered with blisters from the work This ensuant is said to have happened salutary west of the small town of Seneca diminishs and illustrates one of the draw spinal columns to automobiling through the country. It was also inform sightly a few old age later that the village of Waterloo was known from coast to coast as having some of the worst streets over which automobiles had to pass in crossing the continent. 3 Beckers History also reports that 76 automobiles came through Waterloo on. Association, covering a distance of 4135 miles in sixteen days. The aspiration of the race was to see which make of machines would last the longest and perform the shell work as to endurance and keeping in repair. Becker reported that principal(prenominal) Street was lined with sightseers who were well repaid for looking. It took the entire afternoon for the passage of the Cars through the village. Late in the forenoon came the pilot cars and finely cut strips of study (called confetti) were thrown from them to mark the route, which through the channel section was on the atomic number 16 side of the street. There were about 300 passengers in the whole number, of whom xv were ladies. The latter wore the customary veiling, while the men were generally clad in long brown linen dusters with the regulation caps and goggles.4 According to a 1967 Reveille article written by June Callahan, what is today the Peter Koch car dealership at 221-229 Fall Street in Seneca Falls was the fit of the manufacture of the Iroquois automobile. The Iroquois Type D car was a 35 horsepower touring car, with a one C inch wheelbase and was sold F. O. B. Seneca Falls for $2,500. The Iroquois Type E was a 40 horsepower, 7 passenger car with 4. 5 by 32 inch tires and platform springs on the rear, with a selling price of $3,000 F. O. B. Seneca Falls. John Kaiser was the President of the Iroquois Motor Car Comp any between 1903 and 1909. yet thirteen cars were actually built but they were a good car. The small number of vehicles produced was largely because Mr. Kaisers approach to building an automobile was well different from todays procedures. He took his technique from the carriage makershe built his cars to last. He considered a $3,000 automobile to be a very serious investment and he expected his customers to drive his cars for twenty years or more. Because he exigencyed to build durability into his cars, he inspected and re-inspected each(prenominal) part and he and his employees assembled the entire automobile.In 1909, the company dissolved because of miss of business. Ms. Callahan speculated in her article that had Mr. Kaiser thought the same way as total heat Ford, maybe the Iroquois Motor would be a booming attention in Seneca Falls today. 5 In that same article, Callahan reported that the streets of Seneca Falls were traveled in the years that followed by many makes that are no longer in production. These include the American Under-Slung that Norman Gould owned Fred fisherman owned a Winton Walter Ward, Sr. owned a Mora Dr. Horton had an everywhereland Charlie Fegley had a Reo Harry Fredenburg had a FranklinPaul Perkins, Sr.had a Savon W. E. Dickey had a summon and Mrs. Partridge had a Pearce Arrow. The may 30, 1913, issue of the Seneca Falls Reveille illustrious that people in Seneca Falls had auto fever. There were 89 Model Ts, plus a number of other car makes in the village. In January 1921, there were 2,073 autos and trucks in the county and by September of that same year the number had increased to 2,945. On October 27, 1922, Fred L. Huntington leased a building at Fall and Mynderse Streets for auto sales. 6 Getting an early automobile started,especially once it stalled out, was not an easy task.Virtually everyone knows of the necessity of cranking the motor. Not everyone knows, however, of the runaway automobile incident on September 17 , 1917, in Waterloo. Just as the crowd was dispersing from the New York primaeval Railroad Station after seeing off a largecontingent of Seneca County young men entering the army for war duty, William Redfields stupendous Studebaker car became stalled at the main village intersection. When it wouldnt start, a number of helping hands gave it a push. The car was still in pitch and there was no driver in the seat.The runaway car strike another car and then took to the sidewalk where it tore down awnings on the street. In front of Semtners tailor shop the car stricken and killed H. Eugene Van Buren who was repairing the sidewalk. The auto then struck two little girls and then a tree in front of John C. Shanks residence on the corner of Church and Main Streets. The runaway car then bound across the street and crashed into the house of Edward Conant just east of the Presbyterian Church. Becker summarized the incident with the comment, all part of the autos driverless trip down the street was a freak occurrence.7 If you want to see this wellpreserved 1903 Ford Model A car, you simply have to go to the N. R. Boyce car dealership in Ovid. They have had this car on display since about 1949. To clarify why it is called a 1903 Ford Model A, early Ford cars were simply lettered model A, then model B, etcetera until the Model T proved so popular that Ford kept producing that Model T for severa years. Then Ford went back to producing a new Model A. As the picture at right shows, the 1903 Ford Model A was chain- control. The car often had the problem of mud, etc. clogging up the operation.8 As automobiles were increasing in number, our villages were changing as well. Waterloo, for example, erected its first street signs in late 1910. 9 In June 1913, a five year contract was made with Central New York and Electric Co, providing for all night street lighting in Waterloo. This lighting consisted of five ornamental cluster lamps of 60 candlepower each to be placed on eac h side of Main Street, 100 feet apart. 10 Also in 1913, the village of Waterloo designated street numbers for houses and business places so that free postal delivery could be instituted in the village of Waterloo on September 1, 1913.11 The Waterloo village board on May 6, 1914,resolved to have East Main, Washington, and River Streets, paved as part of the new state. pathway Law, by which the state, the county, the village and adjoining property owners would pay for the improvement. 12 The speedy increase in the number of automobiles led to the development of many autorelated businesses such as gas stations and tourist cabins. One of the most fire examples in Seneca County was the Windmill Tourist Camp just west of Seneca Falls. The aerogenerator itself was built in 1929.The Camp had a total of 15 cabins, as many as nine gas pumps, and a restaurant and consecrate shop. It should also be noted that the rise of the automobile helps to explain the dying of streetcars and railroads in our county and nationwide. 13 In 2007 there were 28,143 registered automobiles in Seneca County for a state of about 33,000, and a total of 24,758 drivers licenses. 14 seeing areally old car like a Tin Lizzie while driving along on a highway today promptsstrong reaction and for good reason. Maybe its simply because cars today arejust so different in appearance from those old cars.Or perhaps those old cars give us pause to think nostalgically of a time when life itself and the very pace of life were so different. Automobile intentness Automobile intentness is a symbol of technical marvel by human kind. being one of the fastest growing domains in the world its dynamic ingathering phases are explained by nature of competition, product life cycle and consumer demand. Today, the global automobile sedulousness is concerned with consumer demands for styling, safety, and comfort and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency.The industry is at the crossroads with global mergers and relocation of production centers to emerging developing economies. Due to its deep forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, the automobile industry is having a strong multiplier effect on the gain of a country and hence is capable of being the driver of stinting harvesting. It plays a major catalytic role in developing transport arena in one hand and help industrial sector on the other to grow faster and thereby generate a significant employment opportunities.Also as many countries are opening night the land b show for trade and developing international road links, the role of automobile sector in increasing exports and imports will be significantly high. As automobile industry is becoming more and more standardized, the level of competition is increasing and production base of most of auto- giant star companies are being skyed from the developed countries to developing countries to take the advantage of low cost of production. Thus , many developing countries are making serious efforts to grab these opportunities which include many Asian countries such as Thailand, China, India and Indonesia.The rising competition and increasing global trade are the major factors in improving the global scattering system and has forced many auto-giants such as General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, and Daimler Chrysler, to shift their production bases in different developing countries which help them operate expeditiously in a globally competitive marketplace. During the second half of the 1990s, the globalisation of the automotive industry has greatly accelerated due to the construction of important overseas facilities and establishment of mergers between giant multinational automobile manufacturers. Over the years, it is being observed that Asia is emerging as a global automotive hub.Exports of automobiles including components from Asia are also increasing by leaps and bounds. Asia has become the major consumer a s well as supplier of automobiles. At this juncture, the study makes an attempt to pronounce the growth pattern, changes in ownership structures, trade pattern, role of government etc. in automobile sector of selected Asian countries (viz. China, India, Indonesia and Thailand).The objective of the study is to see to it the dynamics of Indian automobile sector in comparison to the same sector in other selected Asian countries. Thailand is a major auto exporting country from Asia. The sector is chiefly driven by lacquerese FDI. Chinese automobile sector is growing very fast and is equanimous to make its dent in the internationalhand is consolidating its position with strong domestic and external demand. The Indonesian automotive industry is essentially an assembly industry, dominated by the major Japanese car manufacturers is also coming up in post-liberalization period and increasing its exports.Japan and Korea Rep already have developed automobile industry. Hence, comparison w ith these two countries may not be worthwhile. Selected four are developing countries and making an effort to develop the automobile sector through different paths. The paper will compare the alternative strategies for the growth of automobile industry in these selected countries The production of automobiles in volume began in the early 1890s, in Western Europe. The USA started the production of both voltaic and gas automobiles by 1896. In 1903, Ford stepped in.The price of cars reduced from USD 850 in 1908 to USD 360 in 1916. The great depression and the World Wars saw a inclination in sale but the 1950s and 1960s were the glorious era for automobiles (driven by Ford, GM and Chrysler). mathematical production reached 11 million units in 1970. Industry specialists indicate that international business in the automobile industry dates back to the technology transfer of Ford Motor Companys mass-production model from the U. S. to Western Europe and Japan following both World Wars I and II. This gives rise to two important crusades.The first one is that, the advancements in industrialisation led to significant increase in the growth and production of the Japanese and German automotive markets. The second important trend was that due to the petroleum embargo from 1973 to 1974, the export of arouse efficient cars from Japan to the U. S. Earlier due to low fuel prices, US was producing muscle cars but after the fossil oil price shocks US had to compete with Europe and Japan who succeeded in producing fuel efficient cars. For the first time, design, marketing, prices, customer satisfaction etc become important in the automobile market.By 1982, Japan became the world leader in US market. The potential growth opportunities led to global overcapacity in automobile industry. 1990s observed the merger and acquisition (M&A) and formation of strategic alliances to tackle this overcapacity problem. increase global trade also act as a major factor for rising growth in wo rld commercial distribution systems, which has also increased the global competition amongst the automobile manufacturers. Japanese automakers have instituted innovative production methods by modifying the U. S. manufacturing model.They are also capableof adapting and utilizing technology to set up production and increase product competition. There are three major trends of world automotive industry, which are discussed briefly bellow Global commercialize Dynamics The worlds leading automobile manufacturers continue to invest into production facilities in emerging markets in order to reduce production costs and therefore rise in profits. These emerging markets include Latin America, China, Malaysia and other markets in sulfureast Asia. Establishment of Global Alliances Now-a-days, there is trend of joint venture in global automotive industry.Most of the giant automobile manufacturers are merging with each others. The big three U. S. automakers (GM, Ford and Chrysler) have merg ed with, and in some cases established commercial strategic partnerships with other European and Japanese automobile manufacturers. The Chrysler Daimler-Benz merger, were initiated by the European automaker in order to strengthen its position in the U. S. market. Overall, there has been a trend by the world automakers to expand by merging with other giant automotive companies in overseas markets*.Industry Consolidation change magnitude global competition amongst the global manufacturers and positioning within foreign markets has divided up the worlds automakers into three groups, the first group being GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen, and the two remaining group manufacturers attempting to consolidate or merge with other lower group automakers to compete with the first group companies. Diagram1 provides a snapshot view of this. World automotive industry, in its early stages of development, was heavy mainly in hands of developed countries like U.S. , Japan etc. But as autom obile industry become more and more standardized, the production base of most of auto-giant companies was shifted from the developed countries to developing countries. Standardization makes production more utile in developing countries due to low cost of labor. Thats why countries like Thailand, China today are the main production base for many multinational automobile companies, and that explain why this study is concentrated only on selected countries in Asia. tabularize 1 below compares basic features of automobile industry in three major markets in the world. Table 1 Comparison of Basic Features in Three Major Automobile foodstuff Characteristics US Market European Market East and South East AsianMarket Contribution to Motor vehicle The automotive industry represents In Japan industry represents 13 % Economy Organisational andtechnological changeis the keycharacteristics of theUS industry. Of late,steps are taken toincrease its globalpresence byexpanding globalalliances and se ekinggreater collaborationwith other U.S. automakers. Productivity is morethan EU but less thanJapan. The European automotive market iscomprised of a concentrated andsophisticated global network, whichincludes joint-ventures,cooperatives, productions andassembly sites. Like USA, overcapacity, intense competition andinvestment for technology aregeneral features. The industry isdriven by MNCs mainly located inWestern Europe. However, thegrowing production is noted in theCzech Republic, Hungary, Poland,Slovenia, Slovakia and Turkey. East Asian market is mainly drivenby Japanese FDI.Apart from this,state sponsored initiatives areobserved in Korea Rep. , China, etc. These countries are making attemptto develop indigenous auto-industrybase. Others are driven by MNCs. Profitability in the industry isrelatively more than EU Market Share Ford, GM andChrysler makeupapproximately 76 %of U. S. passengervehicle production,while Japaneseautomakers, Toyota,Honda, Nissan,Mitsubishi, Subaru,Isuzu represents 18%, and Europeanautomakers, BMWand Mercedes(division of Daimler-Chrysler) make upnearly 2%. The EUs largest automotiveproducer is Germany estimated at30 % of EUs total production,followed by France at 19 % andSpain at 17 %, and the UnitedKingdom at 10 %The largest automakers producingmultiple brands, such as GeneralMotors, Ford, Daimler Chrysler,Volkswagen, Fiat and PeugeotCitroen. There are also independentautomakers, such as Porsche, BMWand Bertione. In Japan Toyota, Honda, Nissan,Mazda etc dominate the market.InKorea Rep, Hyundai acquired Kiaand Asia Motors in 1999, and sold10 % of its equity toDaimlerChrysler in 2000 Daewoopurchased 52 % equity in Ssanyongin 1998 and GM purchased 42 %equity of Daewoo and in 2000,French automaker Renaultpurchased Samsung Motors. InASEAN region, Toyota, Hyundai,Suzuki, GM are major players. Demand Pattern(Domestic andexport) The US producersmainly produce fordomestic market andto some finale forCanadian market. Canada is the largest market for U. S. vehicle exports withsubsidiaries of U. S. automakersaccounting for mostof the imports. TheUS big Threecontinues to invest inCanadian market. Consumer demand is the drivingforce for industry in EU. Moremodels, shorter life-cycle is the keyof demand pattern which is similar toUSA. New EU members show anincreasing demand and manyCompanies fracture some of theirproduction base to these countries. EU is gaining through exporting highvalue services such as design andengineering. Europes bus and truck market isstronger than Asia dominated byplayers like Volvo, Scania andMercedes. Asian market is growing relativelyslowly but steady in post-financialcrisis period. Asias three coremarkets are Japan, Korea andChina. South East Asian marketsare also growing rapidly.Thecompound average growth rate inASEAN countries is expected to bein the order of 10 to 20 portion until2010 10 percent in India and only4 percent to 8 percent in PRCKorea or Taiwan ,China. In 2010,Japans demand will be around 1/3rdof total East and SE Asian demand. Korea, Thailand play major part inexporting vehicles. AFTA isexpected to increase the regional export market. Restructuring Status of Automobile Industry in 2000 political economy of Automobile Industry Todays global automotive industry is full of opportunities and risks which are everywhere in emerging and mature markets alike.However, bankable growth is becoming more difficult to achieve due to challenges prevailed from the go forth chain to the retail environment. Currently, the automotive industry has too much of everything too much capacity, too many competitors and too much redundancy and overlap. The industry is in the grips of a global price-war. Production Today, the large car manufacturers has a production facility in the different markets and from each platform a car is produced for that market as well as for exports to other markets. colossal players in automobile industry do not have just one big factory wh ich exports its products to all other countries.In addition, the products are not identical in each different market. It may have the same technical platform, but the design and the options and features differ between countries. They are different because the demands of customers differ between countries. For example, in South America, incomes are lower than in Western Europe and customers need more affordable cars. In the USA the customers want more space in the car, and thats an important factor for a car to be successful there. On the contrary, small cars are quite popular in India.It is not possible to be in the high volume market and to send the same cars to every market all over the world. So car makers are researching what their customers want and changing the car for each market otherwise they will abstemious customers. More and more CKD (completely knocked down) cars are being produced for some countries in small volumes. That is often the case if there are barriers to ex porting cars to particular countries, and they are only being sold in smaller volumes. With larger markets, where sales of particular models are high, companies really need their own plant which has its own suppliers of parts.Due to sharp competition and changing customer demand, product development process advances have been more significant than changes in product architecture. Product cycles continue to grow shorter as more companies adopt the simultaneous engineering approach pioneered by Japanese automakers. At the same time, advances in Computer-Aided radiation diagram (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools are being used to replace physical prototypes and examen processes. Now, major players (in post M&A situation) take greater duty for product design and allow production base to get shifted to opportune location for low cost.However, still due to lack of standardization, number of tiers at the supply chain is not reduced. Moreover, when design is replicated with modification for physical product development, several domestic issues need to be taken into consideration. These are mainly legal liability, and regulatory procedures. Furthermore, there is a technological move towards modules, i. e. equanimous functional units with standardized interfaces that can serve as building blocks for a variety of differen.